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also in comprehensive interrelation with institutional, social, and economic factors.
Based on theoretical models and institutional analysis, this approach is formulated
as a new scientific contribution.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of state regulation of smart cities in
Kazakhstan, it is proposed to introduce a universal system of indicators and
evaluation models. The study assessed the effectiveness of regulatory tools on the
example of Turkistan, and recommended indicators and analytical methods
applicable for evidence-based decision-making in urban policy.
3. Mechanisms for adapting the Smart City concept at the regional level were
developed by combining international best practices with national specificities.
Comparative analysis of foreign and domestic experiences resulted in concrete
recommendations and tools adapted to Turkistan. These practices provide exemplary
approaches to the development of smart infrastructure that can be disseminated to
other cities.
4. An institutional and legal model of Smart City governance, adapted to
Turkistan, is proposed as a practical tool for urban system modernization. The
developed model is based on the principles of multi-level governance and
partnership among state, private, and civil sectors. Its defense provides a foundation
for systematizing urban development strategies and introducing effective regulatory
mechanisms.
Research Methodology and Methods. Citizens’ attitudes toward Smart City
projects, their level of participation, and evaluative positions were analyzed based

on specific empirical data. Within the framework of the study, a structured survey
was conducted on 28 November 2022 among residents of Turkistan and Almaty. A
total of 676 respondents participated, and their responses made it possible to assess
the level of public perception of Smart City components, involvement in digital
infrastructure, and trust in the projects.
The primary data obtained underwent statistical processing, including factor
and comparative analyses. Furthermore, based on the research results, a PLS-SEM
(Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling) structural model was
constructed. This model identified the main factors influencing citizens’ acceptance
of smart city initiatives and revealed the causal relationships between indicators.
The suitability of the data for factor analysis was verified using the Kaiser-
Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s test of sphericity, ensuring the reliability of
the empirical foundation of the study.
The consistent application of these methods allowed for a comprehensive
assessment of the features of public perception of Smart City projects in Turkistan
and for the identification of the social effectiveness of institutional governance
mechanisms.
Scientific Development Directions and Compliance with State Programs
The “Kazakhstan – 2050” Strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is also aimed at
achieving long-term development goals. This strategy identifies as key priorities the
creation of an effective governance system, the introduction of innovations and new
technologies, and the digitalization of public services as essential conditions for
ensuring Kazakhstan’s development and sustainability. The development of the